Vhara shambadzo

Tinokuunzira imwe yegirosi yaJohn Gruber. Pa blog yako Anotya Fireball panguva ino inobata nenyaya yekuvhurika uye kuvharika kwemakambani ehunyanzvi anotungamirwa neApple:

Mharidzo Tim Wu mune yake article yemagazini The New Yorker akanyora dzidziso huru pamusoro pekuti "kuvhurika kunokunda sei kuvharika". Wu akasvika pamhedziso iyi: hongu, Apple iri kudzoka pasi pasi isina Steve Jobs, uye chero nguva, zvakajairika zvinodzoka nenzira yekuvhurika. Ngationei nharo dzake.

Pane tech yekare inoti "kuvhurika kunovhara kuvhara." Mune mamwe mazwi, yakavhurika tekinoroji masisitimu, kana ayo anogonesa kudyidzana, anogara achikunda pamakwikwi avo akavharwa. Uyu ndiwo mutemo uyo vamwe mainjiniya vanotenda mauri chaizvo. Asi zvakare chidzidzo chatakadzidziswa nekukunda kweWindows pamusoro peApple Macintosh muma1990s, kukunda kweGoogle mumakore gumi apfuura, uye zvakanyanya, kubudirira kweInternet pamusoro pevakwikwidzi vayo vakavharwa (rangarira AOL?). Asi zvese izvi zvichiri kushanda nhasi here?

Ngatitangei nekumisikidza mumwe mutemo wechigunwe wekubudirira kwekutengeserana mune chero indasitiri: zviri nani uye nekukurumidza zvinowanzorova zvakanyanya uye zvishoma. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvigadzirwa zvakabudirira uye masevhisi anowanzo kuve ari nani uye ari pamusika kare. (Ngatitarisei kuMicrosoft nekupinda kwayo mumusika we smartphone: yekare Windows Mobile (née Windows CE) yakapinda pamusika makore ese iPhone ne Android, asi zvaityisa. Windows Foni isimba retekinoroji, rakagadzirwa zvakanaka ne maakaunti ese, asi panguva yayo musika wanga watotsemurwa ne iPhone uye Android kare - yakange yanyanya kunonoka kuti itange. zvakanaka munzira mbiri idzi.

Iyi dzidziso haina kuoma kana kudzika (kana original); zvinongova mufungo. Zvandiri kuedza kutaura ndezvekuti "kuvhurika vs. kuvharika" kukakavara hakunei nekubudirira kwekutengeserana pase. Kubudirana pachena hakuvimbisi chero mashura.

Ngatitarisei mienzaniso yaWu: "Windows inokunda Apple Macintosh muma90s" - iyo Wintel duopoly pasina mubvunzo yaive Mac muma95s, asi zvakanyanya nekuti Mac yaive pazasi pedombo maererano nemhando. MaPC aive beige mabhokisi, Macintoshes zvishoma nani anotarisa beige mabhokisi. Windows 3 yasvika kure kubva Windows 95; iyo yekare Mac OS haina kumbochinja mumakore gumi. Zvichakadaro, Apple yakapambadza zviwanikwa zvayo zvese pamaroto echizvarwa chinotevera masisitimu asina kumboona chiedza chezuva-Taligent, Pink, Copland. Windows XNUMX yakatofemerwa kwete neMac, asi neyakanakisa-inotaridzika sisitimu yekushandisa yenguva yayo, iyo NEXTSstep system.

Iyo New Yorker yakapa inoperekedza infographic kuchinyorwa chaWu pasina hwaro hwechokwadi.

 

John Gruber akagadzirisa iyi infographic kuti ive yechokwadi.

Matambudziko eApple neMac muma90 haana kukanganiswa nenyaya yekuti Apple yaive yakavharwa zvakanyanya, uye zvinopesana, ivo vakanyatso kukanganiswa nemhando yezvigadzirwa zvenguva iyoyo. Uye "kukundwa" uku kwaive, zvakare, kwechinguvana chete. Apple iri, kana tikangoverenga maMacs asina iOS, iyo inonyanya kupa mari PC inogadzira pasirese, uye inoramba iri mumashanu epamusoro maererano nemayuniti anotengeswa. Kwemakore matanhatu apfuura, Mac kutengesa kwakapfuura kutengesa kwePC mukota yega yega pasina kusarudzika. Uku kudzoka kweMac hakusi mudiki nekuda kwekuvhurika kukuru, imhaka yekuwedzera kwemhando: yemazuva ano inoshanda sisitimu, yakanyatsogadzirwa software uye hardware iyo iyo indasitiri yese. muranda makopi.

Iyo Mac yakavharwa muma80 uye ichiri kubudirira, sezvakaita Apple nhasi: ine hunhu, kana hushoma, mugove wemusika uye migero yakanaka kwazvo. Zvinhu zvose zvakatanga kutora mukana wezvakaipa - maererano nekuderera nokukurumidza kwemugove wemusika uye kusabatsirika - pakati pemakore ekuma90. Iyo Mac yakazoramba yakavharwa sekare, asi yakadzikama zvese tekinoroji uye neaesthetically. Pakazouya Windows 95, iyo isinawo kubata "yakavhurika vs. yakavharwa" equation zvishoma, asi iyo yakabata kuMac zvakanyanya maererano nemhando yekugadzira. Windows yakabudirira, Mac yakaramba, uye nyika iyi haina kukonzerwa nekuvhurika kana kuvharika, asi kumhando yekugadzira uye engineering. Windows yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya, Mac haina.

Chinotonyanya kuratidza inyaya yekuti mushure mekuuya kweWindows 95, Apple yakavhura zvakanyanya Mac OS: yakatanga kupa rezinesi sisitimu yayo kune vamwe vagadziri vePC vakagadzira Mac clones. Iyi yaive sarudzo yakavhurika zvakanyanya munhoroondo yese yeApple Computer Inc.

Uye zvakare iyo yakapotsa yakanganisa Apple.

Mugove wemusika weMac OS wakaramba uchidzikira, asi kutengeswa kweApple Hardware, kunyanya kunopa mari yemhando yepamusoro, kwakatanga kudzikira.

Mabasa nechikwata chake cheNEXT pavakadzoka kuzotungamira Apple, vakabva vabvisa chirongwa cherezinesi ndokudzosera Apple kumutemo wekupa mhinduro dzakakwana. Vakashanda zvakanyanya pachinhu chimwe: kugadzira zvirinani - asi zvakavharwa zvachose - hardware uye software. Vakabudirira.

"Kukunda kweGoogle mumakore gumi apfuura" - neiyi Wu iri kureva injini yekutsvaga yeGoogle. Chii chakanyanya kuvhurika nezve iyi injini yekutsvaga kana ichienzaniswa nemakwikwi? Mushure mezvose, yakavharwa munzira dzese: iyo kodhi kodhi, iyo sequencing algorithms, kunyangwe marongerwo uye nzvimbo yedata data inochengetwa yakavanzika zvachose. Google yakatonga musika weinjini yekutsvaga nechikonzero chimwe: yakapa chigadzirwa chiri nani. Munguva yaro, yaikurumidza, yakanyatsojeka uye yakangwara, yakachena inooneka.

"Kubudirira kweInternet pamusoro pevakwikwidzi vayo vakavharwa (rangarira AOL?)" - mune iyi nyaya, zvinyorwa zveWu zvinenge zvine musoro. Indaneti ichokwadi kukunda kwekuvhurika, zvichida kukurusa. Nekudaro, AOL haina kukwikwidza neInternet. AOL ibasa. Indaneti inzira yepasi rose yekukurukurirana. Nekudaro, iwe uchiri kuda sevhisi yekubatanidza kuInternet. AOL yakarasika kwete kuInternet, asi kune tambo uye DSL vanopa masevhisi. AOL yakanga isina kunyorwa zvakanaka, software yakagadzirwa zvakashata iyo yakakubatanidza iwe kuInternet uchishandisa zvinotyisa zvinononoka dial-up modem.

Chirevo ichi chakapikiswa zvakanyanya mumakore mashoma apfuura, nekuda kweimwe kambani kunyanya. Ichiregeredza zvinongedzo zvemainjiniya uye vatauri vetekinoroji, Apple yakaramba iine zano rakavharwa-kana "rakabatanidzwa," sekuda kutaurwa neApple - uye yakaramba mutemo wambotaurwa.

Uyu "mutemo" wakapikiswa zvakakomba nevamwe vedu nekuti ndewe bullshit; kwete nokuti zvinopesana ndezvechokwadi (ndiko kuti, kuvhara kunokunda pamusoro pekuzaruka), asi kuti "yakazaruka vs. yakavharwa" kunetsana hakuna uremu pakusarudza kubudirira. Apple haisi kunze kwemutemo; chiratidzo chakakwana chekuti mutemo uyu hauna maturo.

Asi ikozvino, mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura, Apple iri kutanga kugumburwa munzira huru nediki. Ini ndinokurudzira kudzokorora mutemo wekare wakataurwa: kuvharika kunogona kuve nani pane kuvhurika, asi iwe unofanirwa kuve wakajeka chaizvo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, muindasitiri isingafungidzike yemusika uye nekupihwa akajairwa mazinga ekukanganisa kwevanhu, kuvhurika kuchiri kunetsa kuvharwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kambani inogona kuvharwa yakanangana nekuona kwayo uye tarenda rekugadzira.

Dzidziso yakapfava haingave iri nani here, kuti makambani ane vatungamiriri vane zviono uye vagadziri vane tarenda (kana vashandi vese) vanowanzobudirira? Izvo Wu ari kuyedza kutaura pano ndezvekuti makambani "akavharwa" anoda chiono uye tarenda kupfuura "akavharwa" makambani, izvo zvisina musoro. (Zviyero zvakavhurika zvechokwadi zvinobudirira kupfuura zviyero zvakavharwa, asi handizvo zviri kutaurwa naWu pano. Ari kutaura nezvemakambani uye kubudirira kwawo.)

Ini ndinofanira kutanga ndangwarira zvinorehwa nemazwi okuti "vhura" uye "akavharwa", ari mazwi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika yehunyanzvi, asi anotsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Chokwadi ndechekuti hapana nzanga yakavhurika zvachose kana kuvharwa zvachose; dziripo pane imwe spectrum yatinogona kuenzanisa nematsananguriro akaita Alfred Kinsley pabonde. Muchiitiko ichi, ndinoreva kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvitatu.

Chekutanga, "kuvhurika" uye "kuvharwa" kunogona kuona kuti bhizinesi rinotenderwa sei maererano nekuti ndiani anogona uye asingakwanise kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvaro kubatana nevatengi varo. Isu tinoti sisitimu yekushandisa seLinux "yakavhurika" nekuti chero munhu anogona kuvaka mudziyo unomhanyisa Linux. Apple, kune rumwe rutivi, inonyanya kusarudza: haingambofa rezinesi iOS kune Samsung foni, yaisazombotengesa Kindle muApple Store.

Kwete, sezviri pachena vaisazonyatso tengesa Kindle Hardware muApple Store sezvavaizotengesa Samsung mafoni kana Dell makomputa. Kwete kunyange Dell kana Samsung inotengesa Apple zvigadzirwa. Asi Apple ine Kindle app muApp Store yayo.

Chechipiri, kuvhurika kunogona kureva kusarerekera kunoita femu tekinoroji kune mamwe mafemu zvichienzaniswa nemabatiro ainoita kwairi. Firefox inobata mabhurawuza mazhinji zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvakafanana. Apple, kune rumwe rutivi, inogara ichizvibata zviri nani. (Edza kubvisa iTunes kubva pa iPhone yako.)

Saka ndiyo dudziro yechipiri yaWu yezwi rekuti "vhurika" - kuenzanisa web browser uye sisitimu yekushandisa. Nekudaro, Apple ine browser yayo, Safari, iyo, seFirefox, inobata mapeji ese zvakafanana. Uye Mozilla ikozvino ine yayo yekushandisa sisitimu, umo pachave nechero angangoita mamwe maapplication ausingazokwanise kubvisa.

Chekupedzisira, chechitatu, inotsanangura kuvhurika kana kujeka kwakaita kambani nezve mashandisirwo ayo zvigadzirwa uye mashandisirwo azvinoitwa. Open-sosi mapurojekiti, kana ayo akavakirwa payakavhurika zviyero, ita yavo kodhi kodhi inowanikwa pachena. Nepo kambani yakaita seGoogle yakavhurika munzira dzakawanda, iri kunyatso chengetedza zvinhu senge kodhi kodhi yeinjini yayo yekutsvaga. Dimikira rakajairwa munyika yetekinoroji nderekuti ichi chekupedzisira chimiro chakafanana nemusiyano pakati pekathedhi nenzvimbo yemusika.

Wu anotobvuma kuti matombo makuru eGoogle - injini yekutsvaga uye nzvimbo dzedata dzinoisimbisa - zvakangovharwa sesoftware yeApple. Haataure basa rinotungamira reApple mumapurojekiti akavhurika sosi akadai web kit kana LLVM.

Kunyangwe Apple inofanirwa kuvhurika zvakakwana kuti isagumbure vatengi vayo zvakanyanya. Iwe haugone kumhanya Adobe Flash paPad, asi iwe unogona kubatanidza chero chero headset kwairi.

Flash? Gore chii? Iwe zvakare haugone kumhanyisa Flash pamapiritsi eAmazon Kindle, mafoni eNexus kana mahwendefa.

Kuti "kuvhurika kunokunda kuvharika" ipfungwa nyowani. Kweakawanda ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kubatanidzwa kwaionekwa zvakanyanya seyakanakisa nzira yebhizinesi sangano. […]

Mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kushanduka muma1970. Mumisika yetekinoroji, kubva kuma1980 kusvika pakati pemakore gumi apfuura, masisitimu akavhurika akakunda kakawanda vakwikwidzi vavo vakavharwa. Microsoft Windows yakarova vakwikwidzi vayo nekuve yakavhurika zvakanyanya: kusiyana neApple's sisitimu yekushandisa, yaive yepamusoro tekinoroji, Windows yaimhanya pane chero hardware, uye iwe unogona kumhanya chero software pairi.

Zvakare, iyo Mac haina kurohwa, uye kana ukatarisa makumi emakore-refu nhoroondo yePC indasitiri, zvese zvinoratidza kuti kuvhurika hakuna chekuita nekubudirira, zvakanyanya neMac. Kana chimwe chinhu, chinoratidza zvakapesana. Iyo rollercoaster yeMac kubudirira - kumusoro muma80s, pasi muma90s, kumusoro zvakare iko zvino - yakabatana zvakanyanya nemhando yeApple's hardware uye software, kwete kuvhurika kwayo. Mac aiita zvakanaka kana yakavharwa, kana yakavhurwa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, Microsoft yakakunda iyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa IBM. (Yeuka Warp OS?)

Ini ndinorangarira, asi Wu sezviri pachena haana, nekuti iyo system yainzi "OS/2 Warp".

Kana kuvhurika yaive kiyi yekubudirira kweWindows, ko Linux uye desktop? Linux yakavhurika zvechokwadi, chero tsananguro yatinoshandisa iyo, yakavhurika zvakanyanya kupfuura zvingamboita Windows. Uye sekunge desktop inoshanda sisitimu yaikosha chero chinhu, sezvo yanga isina kumbobvira yanyanya kunaka mumhando.

Pamaseva, apo Linux inotaridzirwa zvakanyanya sepamusoro-tekinoroji - inokurumidza uye yakavimbika - yakave, kune rumwe rutivi, yakabudirira zvikuru. Dai kuvhurika kwaive kwakakosha, Linux yaizobudirira kwese kwese. Asi akakundikana. Yakangobudirira payaive yakanaka, uye yaive sevha system.

Yekutanga modhi yeGoogle yakavhurika zvine mutsindo uye nekukasira kubatwa neYahoo uye yayo yekubhadhara-ye-premium yekuisa modhi.

Kutaura chokwadi chekuti Google yakaparadza injini dzekutsvaga dzechizvarwa chekutanga kune kuvhurika kwayo hazvina musoro. Injini yavo yekutsvaga yakanga iri nani-kwete zvishoma zvishoma, asi zviri nani zvikuru, zvichida kagumi zviri nani-mune nzira dzose: kururamisa, kukurumidza, nyore, kunyange dhizaini yekuona.

Kune rumwe rutivi, hapana mushandisi uyo, mushure memakore ane Yahoo, Altavista, nezvimwewo, akaedza Google uye akati kwaari: "Wow, izvi zvakanyanya kuvhurika!"

Mazhinji emakambani akahwina ema1980 nema2000, akadai seMicrosoft, Dell, Palm, Google neNetscape, aive akavhurika sosi. Uye iyo Internet pachayo, chirongwa chakatsigirwa nehurumende, chakavhurika zvinoshamisa uye chakabudirira zvinoshamisa. Bato idzva rakazvarwa uye pamwe naro mutemo wekuti "kuvhurika kunokunda pamusoro pekuvhara".

Microsoft: kwete kuvhurika chaizvo, vanongobvumira masisitimu avo ekushandisa - kwete emahara, asi nemari - kune chero kambani inobhadhara.

Dell: kuvhura sei? Kubudirira kukuru kwaDell kwaisakonzerwa nekuvhurika, asi kunyaya yekuti kambani yakafunga nzira yekuita maPC akachipa uye nekukurumidza kupfuura vakwikwidzi vayo. Nekuuya kwekugadzira kunze kweChina, mukana waDell wakanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma pamwe nekukosha kwayo. Uyu hausi chaiwo muenzaniso unopenya wekubudirira kwakasimba.

Palm: munzira ipi yakavhurika kupfuura Apple? Uyezve, haichisiripo.

Netscape: vakavaka mabhurawuza nemaseva ewebhu yakavhurika zvechokwadi, asi software yavo yakavharwa. Uye chakavapa hutungamiriri hwavo mumunda webrowser kwaive kurwiswa kwakapetwa kaviri neMicrosoft: 1) Microsoft yakauya nebrowser iri nani, 2) yakavharwa zvachose (uye zvakare isiri pamutemo) maitiro, vakashandisa kutonga kwavo pamusoro peWindows yakavharwa. system ndokutanga kutumira Internet Explorer navo panzvimbo yeNetscape Navigator.

Kukunda kweakavhurika masisitimu kwakaratidza kukanganisa kwakakosha mumagadzirirwo akavharwa.

Asi, mienzaniso yaWu yakaburitsa chikanganiso chikuru mune zvaakataura: hachisi chokwadi.

Izvo zvinotisvitsa kumakore gumi apfuura uye kubudirira kukuru kweApple. Apple yanga ichibudirira kutyora mutemo wedu kweanenge makore makumi maviri. Asi zvakanga zvakadaro nokuti akanga ane akanakisisa kupfuura ose anobvira masisitimu; kureva mudzvanyiriri ane simba rakakwana aivewo shasha. Steve Jobs akabatanidza vhezheni yemubatanidzwa yezvakanakira Plato: mambo muzivi anoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura chero democracy. Apple yaitsamira pane imwe pfungwa yepakati iyo isingawanzo kanganisa. Munyika isina kukanganisa, kuvhara kuri nani pane kubuda pachena. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Apple yakakunda pamakwikwi ayo kwenguva pfupi.

Maitiro aTim Wu kunyaya yese ndeyekudzoreredza. Panzvimbo pokuongorora chokwadi uye kuita mhedziso pamusoro peukama huri pakati pechiyero chekusununguka uye kubudirira mune zvekutengeserana, akatotanga nekutenda mune iyi axiom uye akaedza kukanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti zvienderane nedzidziso yake. Naizvozvo Wu anopokana kuti kubudirira kweApple mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura hausi humbowo husingarambiki hwekuti axiom "kuvhurika kunokunda kuvharika" haishande, asi mhedzisiro yekugona kwakasiyana kwaSteve Jobs kwakakunda simba rekuvhurika. Iye chete ndiye aigona kufambisa kambani seizvi.

Wu haana kutaura izwi rekuti "iPod" zvachose murondedzero yake, akataura nezve "iTunes" kamwe chete - mundima yataurwa pamusoro, achipomera Apple nekutadza kubvisa iTunes kubva ku iPhone yako. Kusiiwa kwakakodzera mune imwe nyaya inotsigira kuti "kuvhura hwamanda kuvharika." Zvigadzirwa zviviri izvi muenzaniso wekuti kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha munzira yekubudirira - zvirinani zvinokunda pane zvakanyanya, kubatanidzwa kuri nani pane kuparadzaniswa, nyore kuhwina pamusoro pekuoma.

Wu anopedzisa chinyorwa chake nezano iri:

Pakupedzisira, zviri nani kuona kwako uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, ndipo paungaedza kuvharika. Kana iwe uchifunga kuti vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vako vanogona kutevedzera Mabasa' ari pedyo-asina chikanganiso mukati memakore gumi nemaviri apfuura, enda mberi. Asi kana kambani yako ichingofambiswa nevanhu, saka unotarisana neramangwana risingatarisike. Zvinoenderana nehupfumi hwekukanganisa, yakavhurika system yakachengeteka zvakanyanya. Pamwe tora iyi bvunzo: muka, tarisa mugirazi uye uzvibvunze - Ndiri Steve Jobs here?

Shoko rinokosha pano ndere "surer". Usazviedza zvachose. Usaite chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Usazunungusa chikepe. Usapikisa mafungiro eruzhinji. Shambira uchidzika nerwizi.

Ndizvo zvinotsamwisa vanhu pamusoro peApple. Wese munhu anoshandisa Windows, saka nei Apple isingangogadziri maWindows PC? MaSmartphones aida makiyibhodhi ehardware nemabhatiri anotsiviwa; sei apuro rakagadzira yavo pasina ese ari maviri? Wese munhu aiziva kuti unoda Flash Player yewebhusaiti yakazara, nei Apple yakatumira kune iyo hilt? Mushure memakore gumi nematanhatu, kushambadzira kwe "Funga Zvakasiyana" kwakaratidza kuti yaipfuura gimmick yekushambadzira. Icho chiri nyore uye chakakomba motto inoshanda segwara rekambani.

Kwandiri, kutenda kwaWu hakusi kuti makambani anokunda nekuve "akavhurika", asi nekupa sarudzo.

Apple ndiani kuti asarudze kuti ndeapi mapurogiramu ari muApp Store? Kuti hapana foni ichange iine makiyi ehardware uye mabhatiri anotsiviwa. Kuti zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zviri nani pasina Flash Player neJava?

Kune vamwe vanopa sarudzo, Apple inoita sarudzo. Vamwe vedu tinoonga zvinoitwa nevamwe—kuti izvi zvisarudzo zvakanga zvakarurama.

Yakaturikirwa uye yakaburitswa nemvumo yakanaka yaJohn Gruber.

Kunobva: Daringfireball.net
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