Apple picker Parizvino, zvinoita sekunge nguva yesoftware ine rezinesi kumberi neMicrosoft Windows, iyo yakakunda pano kwemakumi emakore akati wandei, yave kupera zvachose. Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, iyo ine rezinesi software modhi yaionekwa seyo chete nzira inogoneka yekusvika pakutengesa kwekombuta tekinoroji.
Pfungwa yekuti nzira yesoftware ine rezinesi ndiyo yega yakatora midzi muma1990s, zvichibva pakubudirira kukuru kweMicrosoft, uye yaigara ichisimbiswa apo zvimwe zvezvishandiso zvakabatanidzwa zvenguva yakadai seAmiga, Atari ST, Acorn. , Commodore kana Archimedes.
Panguva iyoyo, Apple ndiyo yega kambani yaigadzira michina yakabatanidzwa pasina kukanganiswa kubva kuMicrosoft, uye yaivewo nguva yakaoma kwazvo kuApple.
Sezvo iyo ine rezinesi software modhi yaionekwa seyo chete mhinduro inoshanda, kwakazove nekuyedza kwakawanda kutevera Microsoft uye zvakare kuenda kune ine rezinesi software nzira. Pamwe inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye OS/2 kubva kuIBM, asi Zuva naSolaris kana Steve Jobs ane NEXTSTEP yake zvakare vakauya nemhinduro dzavo.
Asi chokwadi chekuti hapana akakwanisa kuwana nhanho imwechete yekubudirira nesoftware yavo sezvakataurwa naMicrosoft kuti chimwe chinhu chingave chakakanganisika.
Zvinoitika kuti mhando yesoftware ine rezinesi yakasarudzwa neMicrosoft haisi iyo yakanyanya kunaka uye yakabudirira sarudzo, asi nekuti Microsoft yakamisa hutongi mukati memakore makumi mapfumbamwe pasina aikwanisa kudzivirira, uye nekuti yakashungurudza vadyidzani vayo kwemakumi emakore, wakakwanisa kurova nesoftware yako ine rezinesi. Mune zvose izvi, akabatsirwa nguva yose nevezvenhau vachishuma pamusoro penyika yetekinoroji, iyo yakavhara kutadza uye kusaruramisira maitiro eMicrosoft uye aigara achiikudza neupofu, uye izvi zvese kunyangwe kusatenderwa kwevatapi venhau vakazvimiririra.
Imwe kuyedza yekuyedza iyo ine rezinesi software modhi yakauya mukutanga 21s apo Palm yakatadza kuita zvakanaka nekutengesa kwayo Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Panguva iyoyo, munhu wese akaraira Palm, zvichibva pane zvazvino maitiro, chaizvo izvo Microsoft yaizopa zano, iko kugovera bhizinesi rayo kuita software uye chikamu chehardware. Kunyange zvazvo panguva iyo muvambi wePalm Jeff Hawkins akakwanisa kushandisa nzira yakafanana neApple kuti auye kuzotengesa neTreos, kureva piyona pakati pemafoni efoni, kutevera kunotevera kwemuenzaniso weMicrosoft kwakaunza Palm kumucheto kwekuparadzwa. Iyo kambani yakakamurwa kuita chikamu chesoftware chePalmSource uye chikamu chehardware chePalmOne, mhedzisiro yacho yaive yekuti vatengi vakavhiringika chaizvo uye hazvina kuvaunzira chero rubatsiro. Asi izvo zvakazouraya Palm zvachose yaive iyo iPhone.
Pakupera kwema1990s, Apple yakafunga kuita chimwe chinhu chisina kumbonzwika panguva iyo software ine rezinesi yaitonga, kureva kugadzira michina yakabatanidzwa. Apple, pasi pehutungamiriri hwaSteve Jobs, yakatarisa pane chimwe chinhu chisina munhu munyika yemakomputa aigona kupa panguva iyoyo - hunyanzvi, hwekugadzira uye hwakasimba pakati pehardware nesoftware. Nenguva isipi akauya nemidziyo yakabatanidzwa senge iMac nyowani kana PowerBook, yakanga isisiri michina isingaenderane neWindows, asi zvakare zvinoshamisa kugadzira uye kugadzira.
Muna 2001, zvakadaro, Apple yakauya neiyo iPod mudziyo waisazivikanwa zvachose, uyo muna 2003 wakakwanisa kukunda nyika yese uye kuunza purofiti yakakura kuApple.
Kunyangwe nyaya yekuti vezvenhau vanoshuma nezvenyika yekombuta tekinoroji yakaramba kutarisisa nzira iyo matekinoroji akatanga kuenda, budiriro yeMicrosoft yeramangwana yakanga ichijeka zvishoma nezvishoma. Naizvozvo, pakati pa2003 na2006, akatanga kushanda ari oga pane iPod theme kuitira kuti azivise mutambi wake weZune musi wa14 Mbudzi 2006.
Hapana anogona kushamisika, zvisinei, kuti Microsoft yakaita zvakashata mumunda wematekinoroji akabatanidzwa sezvakaitwa neApple mumunda wesoftware ine rezinesi, uye iyo Zune yakaperekedzwa nekunyara kumarudzi ayo ese.
Nekudaro, Apple yakaenda mberi uye muna 2007 yakaunza yekutanga iPhone, iyo mukati mechikamu chechina chegore yakatengesa kuedza kweMicrosoft pasoftware ine rezinesi yeWindows CE/Windows Mobile nhare.
Microsoft yakanga isina sarudzo kunze kwekutenga kambani nehafu yebhiriyoni yemadhora, nekuda kwayaigona kutanga munzira yezvakasanganiswa nharembozha. Muna 2008, saka, yakatora iyo yaizivikanwa Danger nharembozha panguva iyoyo, yakavambwa naAndy Rubin, iyo yaive chaiyo inotangira Android, nekuti maererano nechikamu chesoftware, yaive system yakavakirwa paJava neLinux.
Microsoft yakaita zvimwe chetezvo neDanger sezvayakaita nezvose zvayakatora, ichiita zvekuirovera pahuro.
Izvo zvakabuda muMicrosoft yaive KIN - yekutanga yeMicrosoft yakabatanidzwa nharembozha yakagara mazuva makumi mana nemasere pamusika. Kuenzaniswa neKIN, iyo Zune yakanga ichiri kubudirira kukuru.
Zvichida hazvichashamisi kuti Apple payakaburitsa iyo iPad, iyo yakahwina nyore nyore kufarirwa nepasirese, Microsoft, yakabatana neyayo yenguva refu shamwari HP, yakakurumidza kumhanya nemhinduro yayo muchimiro cheSlate PC piritsi, ye izvo chete zviuru zvishoma zvezvikamu zvakagadzirwa.
Uye saka ungori mubvunzo wekuti Microsoft ichaita sei neNokia iri kufa, iyo irikusundidzira pahuro payo.
Zvinoshamisa kuti mapofu sei tekinoroji midhiya yave kusakwanisa kuona kukoromoka kuri kuramba kuchiitika kweiyo rezinesi software modhi yakakonzerwa neApple neyakasanganiswa zvigadzirwa. Ndeipi imwe nzira yekutsanangura nayo kufarira kwakawana Android kubva kune iyi midhiya. Vezvenhau vakamuona semutsivi weMicrosoft, kubva kwaari Android yaizotora hutongi hwesoftware ine rezinesi.
Google yakabatana neHTC kugadzira iyo Nexus - mudziyo unoshanda pa Android chete. Asi mushure mekuedza uku kwakundikana, panguva ino Google yakabatana neSamsung kugadzira mamwe maflops maviri, Nexus S uye Galaxy. Kupinda kwayo kwazvino munyika ye smartphone kwakauya kubva kumubatanidzwa ne LG yakaburitsa Nexus 4, imwe Nexus iyo pasina ari kutenga zvakawanda.
Asi sekuda kweMicrosoft yaida chikamu chayo chemusika wetablet, ndizvo zvakaitawo Google, saka muna 2011 yakatarisana nekugadzirisa Android 3 yemapiritsi, asi mhedzisiro yaive njodzi zvekuti paive nekutaura kwematani ematafura eNexus anozadza matura akapararira pasirese. .
Muna 2012, Google, yakabatana naAsus, yakauya neNexus 7 tablet, iyo yaityisa zvokuti kunyange vateveri veAroid vakabvuma kuti zvainyadzisa kambani. Uye kunyangwe muna 2013 Google yakagadzirisa chikamu chakakosha chezvikanganiso, hazvigone kutaurwa kuti chero munhu angavimba mahwendefa ayo zvakanyanya.
Nekudaro, Google haina kungotevera Microsoft chete mumuenzaniso wayo wesoftware ine rezinesi uye mune fumbles mundima yemafoni uye mumunda wemapiritsi, asi zvakare inoikopa nekutendeka muhurongwa hwekutengwa kwemutengo wakawandisa.
Kutenda kuti Google yaizopinda mumusika wemudziyo wakasanganiswa zvakabudirira seApple, yakatenga Motorola Mobility muna 2011 nemadhora gumi nemaviri emadhora, asi yakapedzisira yadhura Google mabhiriyoni akawanda kupfuura zvayaizokwanisa kuita kubva pakutora.
Saka zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvinonakidza kuti makambani akaita seMicrosoft neGoogle ari kutora matanho mangani uye kuti mabhirioni mangani avari kushandisa kuita. vakava kambani yakaita seApple, kunyangwe munhu wese achitoziva kuti software ine rezinesi modhi yakafa kare.
Sezvo ndisina kuverenga chinyorwa chose, asi chikamu chekupedzisira pasi pemufananidzo. Yakanyatso kurodha pa Android uye ndinofunga ichokwadi.
chokwadi? zvirokwazvo? o, uye android zvakare flop uye haishande zvachose, saka ine mugove we74% mumafoni uye haitore nguva yakareba kumapiritsi, ichatorawo kubva kuIOS munguva pfupi.
uye shinga kutaura chimwe chinhu senge "unodei kana android iri pamafoni e1452 HW nepo apuro iri pane zvigadzirwa zvishanu", izvo pamwe hazvina basa zvachose, mushure mezvose tiri kutaura nezve mapuratifomu uye eco-systems.
Icho chokwadi chekuti Android iri pamabhiriyoni eHW uye iOS iri pane vashoma inongoita kuti ive yakamanikana. Ngativerengei zvakare huwandu hweiyo iOS yekumisikidzwa pamudziyo (nhamba yese / nhamba yezvishandiso) uye huwandu hweiyo Android OS yekuisirwa pamudziyo (nhamba yese / nhamba yemidziyo) uye isu tichawana mareshiyo chaiwo uye pano, pano iwe uchaona chokwadi chekuti. inobatanidzwa. A classic economic point yekuona, hapana chimwe. Handisi kunyepedzera kuti, o, ndine mafuta akaderera pamotokari yangu kupfuura iwe, ndinobhadhara zvishoma. Asi chokwadi chekuti ndinobhadhara zvishoma nekuti ndine mota imwe chete kwete nhatu, ndichavhara izvo kare. Android isina kunaka…
Ndaifanira kutanga kuseka pakupera kwechinyorwa Android hachikodzeri ini, asi kana iri Android, ipapo muchimiro cheNexus. Midziyo iyi inoregererwa kubva kune akawanda anotyisa marongero uye sisitimu inomhanya zvakanaka - Ndinoziva zvandiri kutaura nezvazvo, ndaive neNexus 7, uye hachisi chokwadi kuti kune matani emapiritsi asingatengeseki nezvimwe zvinhu zvakatenderedza mumatura. Zvichida munyori akavhiringa Nexus uye Surface. Zvakanaka, kungoti kurerekera kwemunyori uye kurongeka pamwe hazvimunetsewo.
chikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa chikuru. Yechipiri, kwaunonyora nezve Android, mahwendefa uye nharembozha kubva kuGoogle, haina zvachose. Ndave nenguva refu ndisina kumboverenga kunze kwechinyorwa.
Saka kune ruzivo chete:
1) Google Nexus inharembozha dzevagadziri. Google haina kuita kushambadzira kwavari uye havatombonzwa sekunge vane chero kutengesa kwakanyanya.
2) Android rezinesi haina kumbofanana neyeWindows, nekuti Google haina kubhadharwa. :)
3) Nexus 7 yaive yekutengesa zvakanyanya pamusika. Nekuda kwemutengo wehukasha unoenderana nemhando yepamusoro, wakatengeswa kunze.
4) Google iri kuita zvakanaka pamapiritsi. Ingotarisa manhamba.
5) Iyo yekutora mutemo yeGoogle neMicrosoft yakasiyana zvachose. Hazvigoni kutaurwa netsaona kuti mumwe ari kutevedzera mumwe.
Vadikani venharo. Edza kuverenga chinyorwa kubva pakutanga kusvika kumagumo uye chete wobva wataura maonero ako.
1/ Chinyorwa chakatorwa kubva kuAppleInsider uye chakataurwa mairi.
2/ Miss Jana havasiye munyori, vakangoturikira chinyorwa.
3/ Kana iwe uine manzwiro kana fungidziro yekuti chinyorwa chine ruzivo rwemanyepo kana kurasika, edza kuramba zvine chinangwa.
4/ Zvinyorwa zvinonyadzisira, zvinotsausa, kuedza kupfuta uye izvo zvisingaenderane nemusoro wakapihwa zvichabviswa pasina kukumbira ruregerero.
Thanks nekunzwisisa.
Libor Kubín, mupepeti mukuru
Kana zvakadaro, iko kukanganisa kune vapepeti, nokuti vakatozvibvumira kuti varambe vachiparadzira chinyorwa chakadaro. Chero nzira yabuda uye inofanira kubviswa. Factual rebuttal written by amanda.
Ndinobvuma kuti ichi chikanganiso chakakomba. Kana ini ndagamuchira chinyorwa chemumwe munhu, ndinoburitsa pfupiso yezvakakosha mapoinzi uye chinongedzo kune yekutanga sosi. Kana ndikapa shanduro yeshoko chairo, mupiro unotanga neruzivo urwu uye rugwaro rwese rwakaturikirwa rwunoratidzwa zvakajeka (kunyanya mumabhii akatsveyama). Zvakanakawo kukumbira munyori mvumo yekudhawunirodha chinyorwa chese (izvo zvatisina kuita zviripachena - zvinoonekwa semhosva yehungwaru). Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akapiwa, kutsamwa kuti vanhu vari kukakavadzana ne "munyori" wechinyorwa kunoratidzika kunge kusina musoro kwandiri. Kana usinganditendi, ona zvinoita OSEL, Blisty, Lupa, chero munhu waunoziva, kunyangwe paCzech kana Internet yepasi rose, anoita.
btw: Ini handibvumi kuti chero positi inofanira kudzikiswa nekuti "yakadzimwa" :D
HA!, urombo, madota mumusoro mangu. Icho chinhu chakaita se "pfupiso", haingotauri chero chinhu nezvazvo. Unozviita zvinofadza, asi chokwadi chii.
Ini pano ndinokuregererai pamhosva yekuba zvinhu zvenjere, asi ndichiri kufunga kuti mic iri kudivi remupepeti.
mukuru mupepeti :D yakanaka foramu
Wadiwa VaMupepeti-Mukuru, kanzura mukana wekuwedzera mhinduro pasi pezvinyorwa zvachose uye uchave nerunyararo rwepfungwa xD Mhinduro yacho haina basa kwauri zvakadaro, kana iwe usingakwanise kubvuma kukanganisa. Semuenzaniso, ngatitore chinyorwa chemazuva matatu chaunoti Intel icore 3 ine 7 gigs yeL8 cache. Sei vanhu vakati wandei vachipikisa mumashoko kuti ibullshit - kana kukanganisa kwekutanga kwakadaro kusati kwagadziriswa kusvika nhasi;) Uye nechinyorwa ichi, IMHO, zvichave zvakafanana ...
"Muna 2012, Google yakabatana naAsus kuti vauye neNexus 7 piritsi, iyo yaityisa zvekuti kunyangwe vateveri veAroid vakabvuma kuti zvainyadzisa kambani. "Saka ini ndingafarire kuti ndiani akaomesesa android musimboti, nekuti nhamba dzekutengesa dzeiyi piritsi dzinotaura zvakajeka. Pamusoro pezvo, iyi yaive yekutanga Nexus piritsi, ichiteverwa negumi-inch shanduro kubva Samsung. Zvese muna 2012 uye ne Android 4.1. Saka zvingangove zvakashata kunyora kuti matani emapiritsi eNexus akachengetwa muna 2011, apo asina kugadzirwa gore iroro uye haana kushanda paAndroid 3.
Chinyorwa chakanaka
Saka, kubva pakutanga, Android inondiyeuchidza yakawanda yeWindows modhi uye pamwe kunyangwe maitiro eGoogle mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seMicrosoft, asi iwo maonero nezve nexus mahwendefa ... zvakanaka, pamwe ndiwo mamwe ane chinangwa propaganda, handizvo here?
Chinhu chimwe chete chinonakidza muchinyorwa ndechekuenzanisa kwekutengesa kwerezinesi neyakasanganiswa uye zvimwe zvacho hazvina musoro.
Ndinotenda nechinyorwa chakanaka uye zviyeuchidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuda kweshungu, ndakabva ndabatidza chiratidziro changu Bondi Bhuruu nechakare Mac OS 8.1CZ, uye mushure mezvo ndakaridza paAtari 1040STE kubva paTestDrive™ diskette.
Isu tinogadziridza ese ari maviri mapuratifomu uye imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Asi ini handifarire zvakanyanya kufarira zvimwe zvinyorwa paJablickari, vanowanzo kanganisa zvimwe chokwadi, vasingatarise vamwe uye dzimwe nguva hazvina musoro, chinyorwa ichi chiratidzo chinosiririsa cheizvozvo. Ini ndinoenda kune ino webhusaiti kuti ndiverenge zvinyorwa nezve Apple, asi nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyanya neglos, ndine manzwiro ekuti handizive webhusaiti yacho tekinoroji, asi panzvimbo pezvo mamwe masekete akapusa asingatombonzwisisi tekinoroji :(
Dai munhu wese aida kuverenga zvinyorwa zvepamusoro-soro, zvakakosha, chinangwa uye chezvematongerwo enyika, pangadai pasina tabloid :-) Zvinyorwa zvechinyorwa zvakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika, asi shanduro yaMiss Jana inoita seyakanaka kwandiri, saka mimwe mitsara, zvisinei muganhu, zvirinani mu "zvinonzwika zvakanaka" muCzech :-)
Isu tinobvuma kuti Apple ine utera, asi ini handingatange zvakanyanya neboka iro, munyori haaite zvakawanda nezviri mukati uye vashoma vasina ruzivo vanokurukura nerombo rakanaka havaratidzi zviuru zvevamwe "vane tsika" yevaverengi veizvi. website. Uye nezve ruzivo rwetekinoroji: kana ndine tekinoroji uye ini ndisingakwanise kuigadzirisa mune zvekutengesa, inogona kunge yakanaka sezvainoda, asi haina maturo kwandiri. Ndosaka iyo BB Z10 uye Surface ichanyangarika, kunyangwe zviri zvemhando yepamusoro zvigadzirwa, ivo havana iyo chaiyo drive pakutengesa. Austin Powers vangati "haasi kupisa, vacheche".
Kubva pane zvakaitika kwandiri, ndinogona kutaura kuti chikamu chikuru chevashandisi veApple havanyatsonzwisisa tekinoroji. Icho chokwadi chekuti vanotora mufananidzo wechimwe chinhu nefoni yavo uye mumasekonzi mashoma inoonekwa pachiratidziro cheterevhizheni yavo yekumba (kuburikidza neApple TV), vanoiona semashiripiti uye havatombozivi kuti inoshanda sei. Unogona kungoidzima kana kuibatidza - zvinovakwanira. Neizvi ndinoreva kuti kunzwisisa tekinoroji haina kudikanwa zvachose kana tichida kushandisa yepamusoro-tech.
Ini ndinobvuma kuti kutaura kuti mafoni e-Android akashata kana kuti ari nani haana chokwadi, ndinosarudza kutaura kuti akasiyana, kune rimwe boka rakatarwa revatengi.
Hongu, ndinorangarira iyi nyaya yose. Pane imwe nguva, semukomana wemakore gumi nemashanu, zvakange zvisinganzwisisike kwandiri kuti sei mumwe munhu achitenga i15 monsters ne flashing c: apo Atari ST, Macintosh, Amiga yakanga iri nyore kushandisa michina uye yakaita basa rakakodzera. zvekuvaraidza uye hofisi. Ndakapotsa maitiro e 'bysnys' eMS. Chinyorwa chakanakisa, nhasi ini handisati ndanzwisisa vabereki vevana vanoda piritsi uye vabereki vanovatengera Android monster ine yakaipa usability, yakaipa maapplication, inosemesa kuratidza, isina kuedzwa maapplication kubva kuGoogle play. Ipapo vana vanotarisa zvinosuruvarisa shamwari dzine iPad. Ini pachangu, ndinofara kuti zvandakapotsa ndaviga neshungu makore 286 apfuura zvadzoka. Uye zviri sexy uye mwanasikana wangu anoidawo.
Zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mukuziva-izvo-zvese, kuzvidza uye kuzvitutumadza toni zvinosemesa, uye hazvina basa kuti ndezvaani kana kupikisa. Zvinhu zvakadaro hazvina bhizinesi paWEB yakakomba, zvisinei nekuti zvakatorwa kubva kupi.
Mr. Kubín anonyora kuti "Miss Jana haasi munyori, akangoshandura chinyorwa", asi hapana chekutaura kubva pane izvi. Kunyangwe ndichinyora chirevo ichi, iyo edhita system inondiudza "Nezve munyori: Jana Zlámalová".
Zviri 27/9/6:26 AM - nezve IOS 7.0.2 update. hapana kutaurwa nezve Jablíčkára. Ndingaona zvakanyanyokoshera kutariswa kupfuura zvinyorwa zvevhorovhosi zvakafanana.
Inotaurwa mumaflashcards, yaitovapo nezuro
Ndatenda nemusoro, ndine hurombo panguva ino. Izvo hazvichinji chero chinhu nezve kumwe kuchengetwa.
Maererano ne Wiki, Nexus 7 yakatengesa mamiriyoni 4,6 ezvikamu muna 2012 uye mamiriyoni manomwe emayuniti pamwe chete. Kutengeswa kwekutanga iPad: mamirioni gumi nemashanu. New iPads inotengeswa 7-15 miriyoni zvikamu - kota. Saka zvinodarika 12 miriyoni zvimedu zve 15 uye zvinopfuura 50 miriyoni muzvikamu zvitatu + ichave Kisimusi. Kana Apple yaigona kuburitsa akakwana iPads, ngatiti mamirioni makumi masere iPads akatengeswa gore rino?
Iyo Nexus haisi flop, yakawana yakanaka 5-10% yekutengesa iPad. Surface ine kutengesa kwemamiriyoni 1,7 miriyoni pamwe chete. Ndizvo zvinoita munhu akundwa. Kwete tekinoroji flop, asi kutengesa flop. Surface iri tekinoroji padanho, mukana wakakura, asi - hausi kutengesa. Dot. Anopfuura mamirioni zana nemazana maviri iPads akatengeswa vs. 120 miriyoni (papepa) mahwendefa epamusoro akatengeswa.
Nokuti zvakakosha kwavari, panzvimbo yezvikwata zvinotengeswa, vanozvirumbidza nekutengesa. Ndiri kufungidzira kuti vanoita purofiti yemadhora gumi ega ega, asi izvo hazvivhare mari yekusimudzira yakaitwa. Asi izvozvo hazvina kutaurwa zvakawanda chero kupi zvako. Sezvandinotaura, a classic corporation. Kwete kubvuma kukanganisa uye kuenderera mberi nepfungwa yemukuru ...
nekuda kwaMwari, rudzii rwekuzvikudza Zlatanin uyu, kuti hapana anotenga maNexus akawanda uye aive / ari maflops? Nhai/Madam, zviri nani muende kunobika chinhu chakanaka mukicheni, hamuzivi zvakawanda nezvenyika yehunyanzvi?
Ini handisi chaizvo fan of Android uye ndinoodza moyo munhu wese kubva pazviri zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, asi zvakanyorwa muchinyorwa hazvina musoro. Nezvo ndinoreva kuti hapana anoda Nexus uye kuti matura akazara nawo. Nehurombo, ini ndiri mumwe wevashoma munharaunda yangu vane iPad, vamwe vese vane akasiyana akashata ekuchinja kweAroid, saka pamwe hakusi kukundikana (kunyangwe kuri kwandiri pachangu).