Ondrej Holzman Pange pave nemazuva 236 kubva pamutongo wekutanga apo Apple yakawanikwa ine mhosva yekukanganisa mitengo yemabhuku e-e-book. Mushure mezvinenge zvitatu-zvina zvegore, nyaya yese yakasvika kuDare Rekukwidzwa, apo Apple yakakwidza nyaya uye iyo yave kupawo nharo dzayo. Ane mukana wekubudirira here?
Chinzvimbo cheApple chakajeka: kukwidza mutengo wemabhuku e-e-mabhuku kwaive kwakakosha kugadzira nharaunda yemakwikwi. Asi kana nezvavo nharo dzakadzama kuti kambani yeCalifornia ichabudirira here hazvina kujeka.
Zvese zvakatanga muna Chikunguru wegore rapfuura, kana kuti panguva iyoyo, Mutongi Denise Cote akasarudza kuti Apple yakanga ine mhosva. Pamwe chete nevatsikisi vemabhuku vashanu, Apple yakapomedzerwa kunyengera e-book mitengo. Kunyange zvazvo vaparidzi vashanu - Hachette, Macmillan, Penguin, HarperCollins naSimon & Schuster - vakasarudza kugadzirisa uye kubhadhara $ 164 mamiriyoni, Apple yakasarudza kurwisana uye yakarasikirwa. Sezvaitarisirwa, zvakadaro, kambani yeCupertino yakakwidza nyaya uye nyaya yacho yave kubatwa neDare Rekukwidzwa.
Apple isati yapinda, Amazon yakaraira mitengo
Apple isati yapinda mumusika we e-book, pakanga pasina makwikwi. Kwaingova neAmazon chete, uye yaitengesa zvakanyanya nemadhora 9,99, nepo mitengo yezvimwe zvitsva "yaive pasi peinowanzoonekwa semakwikwi," Apple yakanyora mukutaura kwayo kudare redzimhosva. "Mitemo yeAntitrust haipo kuti ive nechokwadi chemitengo yakaderera pane zvese, asi kuwedzera kukwikwidza."
[su_pullquote align = "kurudyi"]Apple inonyanya kufarirwa-nyika clause yakave nechokwadi chekuti haina kuzombosangana nemakwikwi zvakare.[/su_pullquote]
Apple payakapinda mumusika, yakaita chibvumirano nevaparidzi vakati wandei kuti zviite pundutso kutengesa e-mabhuku. Mutengo webhuku rimwe chete e-book wakaiswa pakati pemadhora gumi nemaviri kusvika pamadhora gumi nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, uye chibvumirano ichi chaisanganisira chikamu chinotengeswa zvakanyanya icho "chakavimbisa kuti e-mabhuku achatengeswa muApple Store nemutengo wakaderera wemusika," akanyora kudaro. mutongo wake. Nekuda kweizvi, vaparidzi vaifanira kukwidza mutengo wema e-mabhuku muAmazon Kindle store.
Chirevo chenyika-inofarirwa neApple chakaona kuti "haizombofa yakabata nemakwikwi ekutengesa e-book, uku ichimanikidza vaparidzi kuti vatore modhi yeagency," Cote akanyora. Mune iyo agency modhi, vaparidzi vanogona kuseta chero mutengo webhuku ravo, Apple ichigara ichitora makumi matatu muzana komisheni. Izvi zvaive zvakapesana nemabatiro akange aitwa neAmazon kusvika panguva iyoyo, achitenga mabhuku kubva kuvabudisi vobva vaatengesa nemitengo yavo.
Apple: Mitengo yakadzikira tasvika
Nekudaro, Apple inoramba kuti inoedza kukanganisa mitengo ye e-mabhuku. "Kunyangwe dare rakaona kuti zvibvumirano zveApple agency uye nzira dzekutaurirana zvaive pamutemo, rakapa mutongo wekuti nekungoteerera zvichemo zvevaparidzi uye kubvuma kuvhurika kwavo pamitengo inodarika $9,99, Apple yakaita kurangana kuchiri kuenderera mberi pamisangano yekutanga yekuongorora. pakati paZvita 2009. Apple yakanga isina ruzivo rweVaparidzi vaibatanidzwa mune chero kurangana muna Zvita 2009 kana chero imwe nguva. Zvakawanikwa nedare redunhu zvinoratidza kuti Apple yakapa vaparidzi chirongwa chebhizinesi rekutengesa icho chaive mune zvakazvimirira zvakazvimirira uye chinokwezva kune vaparidzi nekuti vaishushikana neAmazon. Uye zvanga zvisiri pamutemo kuti Apple itore mukana wekusagutsikana kwemusika uye kupinda muzvibvumirano zveagency zvinoenderana nemutemo kuti ipinde mumusika uye kurwisa Amazon. "
Kunyangwe mitengo yemazita matsva yakakwira, Apple inoverengera kuti mutengo weavhareji wemarudzi ese e-mabhuku akadonha kubva pamadhora masere kusvika pasi pemadhora manomwe mumakore maviri pakati paZvita 2009 naZvita 2011. Sekureva kwaApple, izvi ndizvo izvo dare rinofanira kutarisisa, nekuti kusvika ikozvino Cote yainyanya kutaura nezvemitengo yemazita matsva, asi haina kugadzirisa mitengo pamusika wese uye marudzi ese e-e-mabhuku.
[su_pullquote align="kuruboshwe"]Mutongo wedare hauenderane nebumbiro remutemo uye unofanira kukanzurwa.[/su_pullquote]
Nepo Amazon yakatengesa ingangoita 2009 muzana yeese e-mabhuku muna 90, muna 2011 Apple neBarnes & Noble vakaverengera makumi matatu uye makumi mana muzana ekutengesa, zvichiteerana. "Apple isati yauya, Amazon ndiyo yega mutambi ane simba aiisa mitengo. Barnes & Noble akatarisana nekurasikirwa kukuru panguva iyoyo; nguva pfupi yapfuura, zviuru zvevaparidzi zvakaonekwa uye vakatanga kuisa mitengo yavo mukati megadziriro yemakwikwi, "akanyora Apple, iyo inosimbisa kuti kusvika kweiyo agency modhi yakaona kuderera kwemitengo.
Sezvineiwo, Apple haibvumirani nedare rekuti mutengo weAmazon we9,99 $ "waive mutengo wakanakisa wekutengesa" uye waive nechinangwa chekupa rubatsiro kune vatengi. Sekureva kwaApple, iyo antitrust mitemo haifarire "zviri nani" mitengo yekutengesa inopesana ne "yakaipisisa", kana kuseta chero mitengo yemitengo.
Mutongo wacho unoranga zvakanyanya
Mwedzi miviri mushure mesarudzo yake Cote yakazivisa chirango. Apple yakarambidzwa kupinda mumakondirakiti aifarirwa nevakawanda-e-book vabudisi kana zvibvumirano zvaizoita kuti ishandise mitengo ye-e-book. Cote akarairawo Apple kuti isaudze vamwe vaparidzi nezve mabatiro evabudisi, izvo zvaifanira kudzikisira kubuda kwerangano nyowani. Panguva imwecheteyo, Apple yaifanira kubvumira vamwe vaparidzi mazwi akafanana ekutengesa mumapurogiramu avo aive nemamwe mapurogiramu muApp Store.
Apple ikozvino yauya kudare redzimhosva nechinangwa chakajeka: anoda kupidigura mutongo wemutongi Denise Cote. "Murango uyu unoranga zvisina kufanira, wakanyanyisa uye unotyora bumbiro remutemo uye unofanirwa kusiiwa," Apple akanyorera dare redzimhosva. "Murairo weApple unoiraira kuti igadzirise zvibvumirano zvayo nevashambadziri vari kupomerwa, kunyange zvibvumirano izvi zvakatochinjwa zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwedare revaparidzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutemo unotonga App Store, iyo isina chekuita nenyaya kana humbowo. "
Gwaro rakakura rinosanganisirawo mutariri wekunze aive waCote yakashandiswa muna Gumiguru apfuura uye yaifanirwa kutarisa kana Apple yakazadzisa zvese maererano nechibvumirano. Nekudaro, kubatana pakati paMichael Bromwich naApple kwaiperekedzwa nemakakatanwa akareba nguva dzese, uye saka kambani yeCalifornian inoda kumubvisa. "Kutarisa pano hakuna kuenzana nemutemo maererano ne 'imwe yeAmerica inoyemurwa, ine simba uye inobudirira makambani e teknolojia.' Mukugadzirisa kwevaparidzi, hapana mutariri anobatanidzwa, uye kutarisa kunoshandiswa pano sechirango cheApple nekusarudza kuenda kudare uye kukwidza nyaya, ichiratidza kuti 'haina nyadzi'.
