Thomas Chlebek Steve Jobs paakaunza iyo NEXT komputa muna 1988, akataura nezvayo sechikamu chikuru chenguva yekombuta. Pakupera kwaNdira wegore rino, kurekodha kwekutanga kwechiitiko ichi kubva ipapo kwakaonekwa paInternet.
Chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kweThe Steve Jobs Movie, iyo yakatanga muhafu yekutanga yegore rapfuura, yaive yekusangana nevanhu vazhinji vane hukama nemhando dzakasiyana dzeiyo chaiyo Steve Jobs uye Apple panguva iyo iyo firimu inoitika. Sezvo imwe yezvikamu zvayo zvitatu inoitika pamberi peiyo NEXT komputa chigadzirwa chakatangwa, chinangwa chevashandi chaive chekuziva zvakanyanya sezvinobvira nezve chiitiko.
Nenzira isingakarirwi, mumwe wemiuyo yeiyi nhamburiko yakanga iri vhidhiyo yaitora mharidzo yose yaJobho pamwe chete nemibvunzo yakatevera kubva kumapepanhau. Vhidhiyo iyi yaive pamatepi maviri eVHS ane makore makumi maviri nemanomwe emunhu aimbove mushandi weNeXT. Nerubatsiro rweRDF Productions uye SPY Post naHerb Philpott, Todd A. Marks, Perry Freeze, Keith Ohlfs naTom Frikker, yakagadziridzwa uye yakadzoserwa kune yakanyanya kunaka fomu.
Sezvo tsime rakanga riri makopi uye kwete rekodhi rekutanga, uyezve, rakatorwa pane kaseti pane chimwe chinhu chakanga chatonyorwa kare, kutsvaga kweimwe shanduro yakachengetedzwa ichiri kuenderera mberi. Iyo yazvino, nekuda kweiyo yakasviba mufananidzo, inongopa yakanyatso dhizaini yeratidziro inoratidzwa pachiratidziro kuseri kweMabasa. Asi nezve mharidzo pachayo munguva pfupi, ngatitangei kurangarira zvakatangira.
Inotevera semhedzisiro (uye kuenderera mberi?) yekudonha kweMabasa
Chiono cheMabasa chekombuta yega, iyo Macintosh, yakaitwa yechokwadi muna 1983 uye yakatangwa mukutanga kwa1984. Steve Jobs aitarisira kuti achabudirira zvikuru uye kutora chinzvimbo chemari huru yeApple kubva kune yekare Apple II. Asi iyo Macintosh yaidhura zvakanyanya, uye kunyangwe yakawana yakazvipira kutevera, yakarasika mumusika wakazara nemakopi akachipa.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, John Sculley, aive CEO weApple, akafunga kurongazve kambani uye kumisa Steve Jobs kubva pachinzvimbo chake semukuru wechikwata cheMacintosh. Kunyangwe akamupa chinzvimbo chakakosha che "musoro weboka rekusimudzira nerabhoritari yaro", mukuita Mabasa angadai asina pesvedzero pane manejimendi ekambani. Mabasa aida kuedza kumanikidza Sculley kubva kuApple achiri kuChina mubhizinesi, asi Sculley akadzima ndege mushure mekunge mumwe waaishanda naye akamuyambira uye akaudza musangano mukuru kuti Jobs aizosunungurwa pahutungamiriri hwake hwechikwata cheMacintosh kana kuti Apple yaizodaro. kuwana CEO mutsva.
Zvakanga zvatove pachena panguva ino kuti Mabasa aisazokunda gakava iri, uye kunyangwe akaedza kakawanda kuti agadzirise mamiriro acho ezvinhu, akasiya basa munaGunyana 1985 uye akatengesa angangoita ese masheets ake eApple. Zvisinei, akaita izvi nguva pfupi mushure mokunge afunga kutanga kambani itsva.
Akawana pfungwa yacho mushure mekutaura nenyanzvi yebiochemist paStanford University, Paul Berg, uyo akatsanangurira Mabasa dambudziko revadzidzi pakuita ongororo dzakareba mumarabhoritari. Mabasa aishamisika kuti sei vakanga vasiri kutevedzera zviedzo pamakomputa, izvo Berg akapindura kuti vaizoda simba remakomputa makuru ayo mayunivhesiti aisakwanisa kutenga.
Saka Mabasa akabvumirana nenhengo dzinoverengeka dzechikwata cheMacintosh, pamwe chete vese vakasiya zvinzvimbo zvavo paApple, uye Mabasa akakwanisa kuwana kambani nyowani, yaakatumidza kuti Next. Akaisa mamiriyoni manomwe emadhora mairi uye akashandisa inenge yese mari iyi mukati megore raitevera, kwete yekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, asi kune kambani pachayo.
Kutanga, akaraira chiratidzo chinodhura kubva kune yakakurumbira graphic artist Paul Rand, uye Inotevera yakava NEXT. Mushure mezvo, akaita kuti zvivakwa zvehofisi zvichangobva kutengwa zvigadziriswe kuitira kuti zvive nemadziro egirazi, akafambisa marifiti uye akatsiva masitepisi nemagirazi, akazoonekwawo muApple Stores. Zvino, pakatanga kugadziridzwa komputa ine simba kumayunivhesiti, Mabasa akaraira zvisingaite zvitsva uye zvitsva (kazhinji zvinopokana) izvo zvinofanirwa kuguma neiyo inokwanisika workstation kumayunivhesiti marabhoritari.
Yaifanirwa kutora chimiro cheyakanaka cube dema uye multi-positionable monitor ine yakakura kuratidza uye yakakwirira resolution. Zvingadai zvisina kuzovapo kana zvisiri zvekudyara kwebhirioni Ross Perot, uyo akafadzwa neMabasa uye akaedzawo kudzivirira imwe mukana wakarasika nekudyara. Makore mashoma apfuura, aive nemukana wekutenga zvese kana chikamu chikuru chekutanga-up Microsoft, iyo kukosha kwayo panguva yekutangwa kweNEXT yaive pedyo nebhirioni yemadhora.
Pakupedzisira, komputa yakagadzirwa, uye muna Gumiguru 12, 1988, Steve Jobs akatora nhanho kekutanga kubvira 1984 kuunza chigadzirwa chitsva.
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Steve Jobs pachikuva zvakare
Mharidzo iyi yakaitwa muSan Francisco paLouis M. Davies Grand Concert Hall. Pakuigadzira, Mabasa akatarisisa kune zvese nedonzvo rekufadza vateereri izvo zvaive zvekungove nevatori venhau vakakokwa uye vanhu vanobva kunyika dzedzidzo nemakombuta. Mabasa akabatana neNeXT's graphic designer Susan Kare kugadzira mifananidzo yemharidzo - akamushanyira anenge mazuva ese kwemavhiki akati wandei, uye izwi rega rega, mumvuri weruvara wakashandiswa waikosha kwaari. Mabasa akatarisa ega rondedzero yevaenzi uye kunyange yekudya kwemasikati.
Mharidzo inoguma inotora kwemaawa maviri uye yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, yekutanga yakazvipira kutsanangura zvinangwa zvekambani neNeXT komputa nehardware yayo, uye yechipiri inotarisa pane software. Rwendo rwekutanga rwekuombera runorira sezvo Mabasa anotora danho, achiteverwa nechipiri masekondi mashomanana gare gare paanoti, "Zvakanaka kudzoka." Mabasa pakarepo anoenderera mberi nekutaura kuti anotenda kuti vateereri nhasi vachapupurira chiitiko chinongoitika kamwe chete kana kaviri makore ose gumi, apo chivakwa chitsva chinopinda mumusika chinoshandura ramangwana rekombuta. Anoti vanga vachishanda pazviri paNEXT vachibatsirana nemayunivhesiti munyika yose kwemakore matatu apfuura, uye mhedzisiro yacho "yakakura zvisingaite."
Asati atsanangura chigadzirwa chacho pachacho, Mabasa anopfupisa nhoroondo yemakomputa uye anopa muenzaniso we "mafungu" anogara makore angangoita gumi uye anobatanidzwa necomputer architecture inosvika pakukwanisa kwayo kwepamusoro mushure memakore mashanu, mushure mezvo hapana software nyowani inogona kugadzirwa kuwedzera kugona kwayo. Inoratidzira mafungu matatu, yechitatu iyo Macintosh, iyo yakatangwa muna 1984, uye muna 1989 tinogona kutarisira kuzadzikiswa kwekugona kwayo.
Chinangwa cheNEXT ndechekutsanangura wave wechina, uye inoda kuzviita nekuita kuti ivepo uye nekuwedzera kugona kwe "workstations." Kunyange izvi zvichiratidza kugona kwetekinoroji ne "megapixel" kuratidza uye multitasking, hazvina mushandisi-ane hushamwari zvakakwana kuparadzira uye kugadzira iyo yechina wave iyo yakatsanangura 90s komputa.
NEXT inotarisisa padzidzo inzvimbo yayo sekuwedzera ruzivo, muvambi mukuru wetekinoroji nekufunga. Mabasa anoverenga chirevo chinoti, "[...] nepo makombiyuta ari chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo, haasati ave chigadziriso cheshanduko yedzidzo yaanokwanisa kuunza." Komputa ichaunzwa mumharidzo iyi haifanire kuratidza kwete zvinodiwa nevadzidzi, asi zviroto zvavo. Kwete kuwedzera pane izvo makomputa nhasi, asi kuratidza zvavanofanira kunge vari mune ramangwana.
Iyo NEXT komputa inoitirwa kubatanidza simba reiyo Unix system kuti ipe yakazara-yakazara multitasking uye network kutaurirana, asi panguva imwechete inopa nzira yekuti "munhu wese" ashandise kugona uku. Uyezve, inofanira kunge iine processor inokurumidza uye yakawanda yekushanda uye yemunharaunda ndangariro, kuratidza zvese kuburikidza neiyo yakabatana PostScript fomati inoshandiswa nemaprinta. Inofanirwa kunge iine hombe "miriyoni pixel" kuratidza, ruzha rukuru uye rakavhurika zvivakwa, zvinokwidziridzwa kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe.
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo dzekushanda dzemazuva ano dzakakura, dzichipisa uye dzine ruzha, vadzidzisi vanodzida dzidiki, dzinotonhorera uye dzakanyarara. Chekupedzisira, "isu tinoda kudhinda, saka ndapota tipei inokwanisika kudhinda laser," vadzidzi vanodaro. Chimwe chikamu chekutanga chemharidzo yeMabasa chinotsanangura mawaniro avakaita mibairo yaizadzisa izvi zvinodiwa. Ehe, Mabasa anogara achisimbisa kunaka kunoitika - mushure mehafu yeawa yekutaura, anoridza firimu remaminetsi matanhatu richiratidza mutsara wenguva yemberi, apo iyo mamaboard yese yekombuta yeNeXT inounganidzwa nemarobhoti mune yakazara. otomatiki fekitari.
Zvinovatora maminetsi makumi maviri kuti vagadzire imwe, uye mhedzisiro haingove yakaomesesa chete kuiswa kwezvikamu pabhodhi, asi "yakanakisa yakadhindwa redunhu board yandati ndamboona," anodaro Jobs. Manzwiro ake echiratidziro anoratidzwawo zvakajeka paanozopedzisira aratidza vateereri kombiyuta yose nemonitor uye printer - yakanga yakafukidzwa nejira dema nguva yose pakati pechikuva.
Pamaminetsi makumi mana ekurekodha, Mabasa anofamba achienda kwaari kubva mulectern, achibvarura sikavha yake, anobatidza komputa yake uye nekukasira kunyangarika kumashure kuitira kuti vateereri vese vatarise kune yakavhenekerwa nzvimbo yepakati pakati perima. horo. Chinhu chinonakidza chevhidhiyo yakaburitswa mukana wekunzwa Mabasa kubva kuseri kwezviitiko, kuti anokurudzira sei nekutya nemashoko okuti "huya, huya", achitarisira kuti komputa ichatanga pasina matambudziko.
Kubva pakuona kwehardware, zvichida chinonyanya kushamisa (uye chinokakavadzana) chekombiyuta yeNeXT kwaiva kusavapo kwefloppy disk drive, iyo yakatsiviwa nepamusoro-soro asi inononoka optical drive uye hard disk. Uyu muenzaniso wekuda kweMabasa kubheja kubudirira kwechigadzirwa pane chinhu chitsva chose, icho munyaya iyi chakazove chisina kunaka mune ramangwana.
Chii chaizvo chakapesvedzera ramangwana remakombiyuta?
Kusiyana neizvi, iyo yakatarisana nechinhu NEXTSTEP inoshanda sisitimu yakaunzwa muchikamu chechipiri chemharidzo uye maduramazwi uye mabhuku akabudirira kushandurwa kuita fomu yemagetsi kekutanga inoshanduka kuva nhanho yakanaka kwazvo. Imwe neimwe komputa Inotevera yaisanganisira Oxford edition yeakazara mabasa aWilliam Shakespeare, Merriam-Webster University Duramazwi, uye Oxford Bhuku reMakotesheni. Mabasa anoratidza izvi nemienzaniso yakati wandei yake achizviseka.
Somuenzaniso, paanotarisa shoko muduramanzwi rinonzi nevamwe rinoshandiswa kutsanangura unhu hwake. Mushure mekupinda mushoko rekuti "mercurial," anotanga kuverenga tsananguro yekutanga, "inechekuita kana kuzvarwa pasi pechiratidzo chepasi Mercury," obva amira pane yechitatu, "inozivikanwa nekushanduka kwemaitiro kusingatarisike." Vateereri vanopindura chikamu chose nekuputika kwekuseka, uye Mabasa anoigumisa nekuverenga tsanangudzo yeantonym yezwi rekutanga, Saturnian. Anoti: “Achitonhora uye anogara ari mundangariro dzake; kunonoka kuita kana kuchinja; kusuruvara kana kuti kugumbuka.” “Ndinofungidzira kuti kuva munhu ane utsinye hakuna kunyanya kuipa,” anodaro Jobs.
Nekudaro, chikamu chikuru chesoftware chikamu chemharidzo ndeye NEXTSTEP, inovandudza Unix inoshanda sisitimu, iyo huru simba iri mukureruka kwayo kwete mukushandiswa kwayo chete, asi kunyanya mukugadzira software. Iyo graphical nharaunda yemapurogiramu ekombuta ega, kunyangwe iri yakanaka kushandisa, yakaoma kwazvo kugadzira.
Iyo NEXTSTEP system saka inosanganisira "Interface Builder", chishandiso chekugadzira nharaunda yemushandisi wechirongwa. Iyo inoshandisa zvizere chimiro chechinhu cheiyo yekushandisa system. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uchigadzira application, hazvifanirwe kunyora mutsara wekodhi - ingodzvanya mbeva kuti ubatanidze zvinhu (mameseji minda, graphic elements). Nenzira iyi, maitiro akaoma ehukama uye chirongwa chakanyanya kuoma chinogona kugadzirwa. Mabasa anoratidza "Interface Builder" pamuenzaniso wakapfava wechirongwa chinoshandiswa kutevedzera kufamba kwemorekuru wegasi wakavharirwa muhumburumbira yakakwana. Gare gare, nyanzvi yefizikisi Richard E. Crandall inokokwa pachikuva, uyo anoratidza mamwe maitiro akaoma kubva kuminda yefizikiki uye chemistry.
Chekupedzisira, Mabasa anosuma maodhiyo ekombuta, achiratidza vateereri manzwi emangwana-anonzwika uye mimhanzi inogadzirwa zvachose nemhando yemasvomhu.
Chikamu chisinganyanyi kukurudzira chemharidzo chinouya nguva pfupi isati yapera, apo Mabasa anozivisa mitengo yekombuta Inotevera. Kombiyuta ine monitor inodhura $6,5, printer $2,5, uye yekusarudza hard drive $2 ye330MB uye $4 ye660MB. Kunyange zvazvo Mabasa achisimbisa kuti kukosha kwezvinhu zvose zvaanopa zvakakwirira zvikuru, asi zvakapiwa kuti mayunivhesiti akanga achikumbira kombiyuta yemadhora zviuru zviviri kana zvitatu, mashoko ake haasimbisi vakawanda, kutaura zvishoma. Zvakare nhau dzakaipa inguva yekutangwa kwekombuta, izvo zvisingatarisirwe kuti zviitike kusvika imwe nguva muhafu yechipiri ya1989.
Zvakangodaro, mharidzo yacho inopera nenoti yakanaka, sezvo mutambi weviolin anobva kuSan Francisco Symphony anokokwa kuchikuva kuti atambe Bach's Concerto muA mudiki mune duet neiyo NEXT komputa.
Inotevera kukanganwa uye kurangarirwa
Iyo inotevera nhoroondo yekombuta yeNeXT yakanaka maererano nekutorwa kwehunyanzvi hwayo, asi zvinosiririsa maererano nekubudirira kwemusika. Atova mupepanhau mibvunzo pashure mharidzo, Mabasa anofanira kuvimbisa vatori venhau kuti optical drive yakavimbika uye nokukurumidza zvakakwana zvokuti kombiyuta icharamba ichiri kure pamberi makwikwi kana totaura musika rinenge gore kure, uye kupindura inodzokororwa mibvunzo pamusoro affordability.
Komputa yakatanga kusvika kumayunivhesiti pakati pegore ra1989 ine ichiri vhezheni yechiyedzo cheiyo sisitimu yekushandisa, uye yakapinda mumusika wemahara gore raitevera nemutengo we9. Mukuwedzera, zvakazoitika kuti iyo optical drive yakanga isina simba rakakwana rekumhanyisa komputa zvakanaka uye yakavimbika, uye hard drive, yeinenge madhora zviuru zviviri zvemadhora, yaive chinhu chakakosha pane sarudzo. NeXT yakakwanisa kugadzira zviuru gumi zvemayuniti pamwedzi, asi kutengesa kwakazokwira pamazana mana emayuniti pamwedzi.
Mumakore akatevera, mamwe mavhezheni akakwidziridzwa uye akawedzerwa ekombuta yeNeXT inonzi NeXTcube uye NeXTstation yakaunzwa, ichipa kushanda kwepamusoro. Asi makomputa eNeXT haana kumbosimuka. Pakazosvika 1993, apo kambani yakamira kugadzira hardware, zviuru makumi mashanu chete zvakanga zvatengeswa. NeXT yakapihwa zita rekuti NEXT Software Inc. uye makore matatu gare gare yakatengwa neApple nekuda kwekubudirira kwayo kwesoftware.
Zvakadaro, NEXT yakava chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yekombuta. Muna 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (ari pamufananidzo uri pasi apa), nyanzvi yekombiyuta, akashandisa kombiyuta yake uye software paakagadzira World Wide Web paCERN, kureva hypertext system yekuona, kuchengetedza uye kunongedzera magwaro paInternet. Muna 1993, Steve Jobs akaratidzwa akatangira App Store, dijitari software kugovera inonzi Electronic AppWrapper, kekutanga paNeXT komputa.
